历年国际货代考试英语试题

历年国际货代考试英语试题

 

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Inordertoprovideasetofuniformrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade,ICCfirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradetermsknownas"INCOTERMS1936". Lateramendmentsandadditionsweremadetoittobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices. #

Thelatesteditionis"INCOTERMS2000",whichinclude13differentinternationaltradeterms. #

Eachtermspecifieswhetherthebuyerorthesellerisresponsibleforarrangingsuchnecessitiesasexportlicense,customsclearance,inspections,andotherobligations. #

Theyspecifyatwhichpointtheriskoflossand/ordamagepassesfromsellertobuyeraswellaswhichpartypaysforspecificactivities.AbuyerandasellerwhoconducttheirpurchaseandsaleunderoneoftheINCOTERMS,therefore,

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willhaveamutualunderstandingoftheirrights,costs,andobligations. Heresixmajortradetermsarediscussed.ThetraditionalthreetradetermsareFOB,CFRandCIF,whileFCA,CPTandCIParenewtermsdevelopedonthebasisofthetraditionalones. #

Theyaresuitableforanymodeoftransportandwillbemorewidelyused.

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课文理解：

1.要理解这篇文章，首先要了解对外贸易背景。这些常识位于书上的：

1.1p13第2-4行ICC(国际商会) #

1.2p12最后一段INCOTERMS(国际贸易术语解释通则)

贸易术语(tradeterms),又称价格术语或贸易条件。它是用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来表明商品的价格构成，说明货物在交接过程中有关风险、责任和费用划分等问题的专门术语,以确定买卖双方的基本权利和义务。 #

INCOTERMS2000是指《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的英文缩写.它是国际商会(ICC)为了统一对各种贸易术语的解释而制定的,最早产生于1936年.分别于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年和2000年共修订过6次.现行的《2000年通则》对13种贸易术语进行了解释,按不同术语的共同特点和卖方责任由小到大排列，分为E组(启运术语)、F组(主要运费未付术语)、C组(主要运费已付术语)、D组(到达术语)四个组.

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它是国际上包括内容最多、使用范围最广和影响最大的一种与贸易术语有关的国际贸易惯例.

1.3p13第5-10行六种主要贸易术语的中英文对照

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1.4p16-17补充注释1-8贸易术语的变形和其他贸易术语的中英文对照

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1.5p14-15课文注释6六种主要贸易术语的详注

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2.句子：

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Inordertoprovideasetofuniformrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade,ICCfirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradetermsknownas"INCOTERMS1936". #

这句句子的难点在前半句.我们可以把句子简化成:

Toprovideasetofrulesfortheinterpretationoftradetermsinforeigntrade. #

2.1interpretation"解释、说明"

2.2tradeterms"贸易术语、贸易条款、贸易条件"

tradepractices"贸易惯例,贸易实践" #

tradecontract"贸易合同" #

tradefair"贸易交易会" #

domestictrade"国内贸易"

foreigntrade"对外贸易"

句子中其他需要解释的地方还有: #

2.3uniform=thesame

2.4commonly=generally,usually"通常地、一般地、普遍地"

2.5beknownas"通称为,以…著称"

3.我们把两句句子连在一起看,注释的重点应放在前一句： #

Lateramendmentsandadditionsweremadetoittobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.Thelatesteditionis"INCOTERMS2000",whichinclude13differentinternationaltradeterms.

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3.1later/latest

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(1)Lateramendmentsandadditionswere…第一句

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(2)Thelatesteditionis"INCOTERMS2000",…第二句

我们需要注意这样一个字型形似的问题: #

表示时间概念上的比较级和最高级:late-later-latest #

(晚的-稍后,随后-最近的,最新的)

表示顺序概念上的比较级和最高级:late-latter-last #

(晚的-后面的-最后的) #

3.2amendmentandadditionweremadetoit…

(1)amend(尤指对规则、法律、声明等条款所作的)"修正,修订,修改".

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名词:amendment(做可数名词时的解释.)

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这些相关联的名词还有: #

revise(尤指为改正或修订而仔细阅读并)"校订,修订".

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例如:arevisededition(修订版)

名词:revision #

modify(尤指轻微的)"修改,更改".

名词:modification

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edition(书籍、报刊等)"版本,版次".

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例如:thelatestedition

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动词:edit

publication"出版物".

动词:publish

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(2)addition原意是"增加物".这里指添加的条款或内容. #

4. 句子：

Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations.

我们可以换成这样一句句子来加以理解:

Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation. 即贸易商都必须承担(bear)各自相关的责任和义务.

4.1 responsibility / obligation / duty / be responsible for sth. #

4.1.1 responsibility = duty 解释 "责任", 其涵义在于:

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出于法律、道德、职业等要求必须对他人承担或履行的责任.这是一个比较正规的用词.

4.1.2 obligation = duty 解释 "义务", 其涵义在于:

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强调因为合同、承诺、道义等因素而产生的约束力.尤其是指来自于外部的具体的、明确的约束力.这是一个比较正规的用词,当该词做可数名词用的时候,是指"个人的本职或具体的工作". 它的反义词是 right (权利)#p#分页标题#e# #

4.1.3 duty 解释 "责任、义务", 这是一个常规用词. #

强调应当去做或者避免去做一件事;它的涵义侧重于发自内心.从道德、伦理、良心或传统习惯等出发的责任和义务. duty 可指的责任或义务可对己,也可对人.

4.1.4 be responsible for sth 课文里面的用词,意思是"对…负责". 其涵义在于:指人在道义上负有某义务或要施行某责任.

4.2 简化句中的 traders 对应于原句中的哪部分呢? #

traders 和课文中的 whether the buyer or the seller 这个部分相对应. whether A or B: "不论是 A 还是 B".值得注意的是后面的动词用单数形式.课文中用的是 is.

4.3 简化句中的 relevant,也就是词组be responsible for后面的这个 sth. 那么,贸易商究竟要对哪些 sth 负责呢? such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and…

4.3.1 such A as B 解释"如…的,像…的": #

4.3.2 这里的 A 是指 necessity, 复数: necessities. necessity 原意:"必然的事,决不可无的事"这里可解释为"必定要做的事". 课文中用的是复数,意思是要做的事情还不止一件哦. #

4.3.3 这里的 B 是指: #

(1) export license (英语用:licence,美语用:license,下同): 出口许可证

import license 进口许可证

license system 许可证制度

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license-trading 许可证贸易 #

driving license 驾驶执照

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license / licence 一般指的是由法律认可的机构发给的正式书面的许可证.

(2) inspection 检验 #

全称是: commodity inspection 商品检验 #

再如: shanghai entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau上海出入境检验检疫局

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4.3.4 综合前三例,我们终于明白了:买卖双方必须各自要对诸如进出口许可证、进出口清结关、商品检验检疫等事项负责.这是他们应尽的责任和义务. #

4.5 这句关键的一个动词 specify

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(1) specify = to give exact details of something

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"明确说明,具体说明,详述,指明"

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由这个动词引申出来一个很要紧的名词是: specification (说明书)这些定义性的常见字词还有:

(2) mean = to represent (a meaning) "意指,意思是…,表示…的意思"

(课文中有这个词)

(3) state = express in words, esp. carefully, fully and clearly"陈述,表述" #

(4) explain = to give the meaning of something "阐明,说明,解释" #

(5) indicate = state briefly, point out "表明,表示" #

(6) define = to explain the exact meaning of (a word, a phrase, etc)."给…下定义,定义为" #

5. 句子：

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They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities. #

我们可以把句子简化成:

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The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks (风险的转移) besides division of costs (费用的划分).

5.1 原句中的 they = the 13 trade terms

5.2 transfer of risks (风险的转移) 系指课文中说的: at which point the risk of loss and / or damage passes from seller to buyer #

5.2.1 point = an exact moment, particular time or state

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这是一个抽象的概念,是一个不可数名词,指"(在空间或时间真实的或想象当中的)点".例如:

at this point = at this moment or at this place (在此刻,在此地)

at which point = at which moment or at which place (在何时何地)

5.2.2 the risk of loss and / or damage 解释"货物灭失或损坏的风险" #

5.2.3 pass from … to … 或 pass … to/into … #

pass = change (改变事物的状况,使变成另一种状态), 例如: Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes.

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课文中的意思是风险点从卖方的手中转移到买方的手中的

5.3 原句中的 as well as = besides #

5.4 division of costs (费用的划分) 系指课文中说的: which party pays for specific activities. #

5.4.1 activity = things (to be) dong 这个名词的复数形式尤指"所做或待做的事务、工作等"

5.4.2 specific = detailed and exact, clear in meaning."具体的、明确的、详尽的、详细的"

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例如: Be specific in your examination answers. (考试答案力求明确具体) #

近义词: definite

反义词: approximate (大概的、极近于…的)

pays for specific activities 解释"支付具体事项的费用" #

6. 句子： #

A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations. #

我们以 therefore 为界,分析这句含因果关系的句子: #

6.1 因: a buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the INCOTERMS

关键字词是: conduct their purchase and sale

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6.1.1 conduct = control, manage "管理、经营、处理" #

例如: conduct a business (经营生意)

例如: conduct negotiations (指导洽谈、主持谈判) #

6.1.2 purchase = buying "购买" (近义词: buy 反义词: sale)

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例如: purchase order = buying order = order (购买订单)

例如: purchase contract (购买合同) #

例如: purchase and sale = buying and selling (购销) #

例如: repurchase (购回)

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例如: purchasing (采购)

6.1.3 sale (名词), sell (动词) "出售、销售"

例如: for sale (待售)

例如: on sale (销售中,出售中)

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例如: sale by sample (凭样品销售)#p#分页标题#e# #

例如: salesman, saleswoman, sales manager

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(注意: sale 后面一定要加 -s)

6.2 果: (a buyer and a seller) will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations. #

6.2.1 关键字词之一是: understanding (了解、理解、认识、领会) of their rights, costs, and obligation

6.2.2 关键字词之二是: mutual = each to the other(s)

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(相互的、彼此的,人们常用mutual指两个或多个共同的事物)

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have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations (对于他们的权利、费用和义务达成共识)

6.3 表达因果关系的连接词: therefore

我们在第一课的时候就碰到这样一些副词: originally, however, today 等等.这些副词虽然不直接影响句子的意思,但是对于承上启下有着重要的作用. #

therefore 亦然. #

therefore = for that reason 解释"因此, 为此, 为了那种理由" #

7. 句子： #

Here six major trade terms are discussed. 我们要把这些词区分清楚:

(1) main = most important, chief: #

意思是"最重要的、主要的" 例如 main crop (主要作物)

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(2) major = less important:

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意思是"较重要的" 例如 major industries (主要工业)

(3) minor 意思是"较不重要的,次要的"

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8. 句子： #

The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR and CIF, while FCA, CPT and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.

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这句句子的意思是:

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FOB, CFR and CIF are traditional trade terms, FCA, CPT and CIP are new trade terms developed on the basis of FOB, CFR and CIF.

8.1 traditional 形容词,解释"传统的、沿袭下来的",相对应的词是 new. #

8.2 on the basis of 解释"基于、在…的基础上". #

8.3 ones 代词,单数是 one, one 或 ones 泛指前面文章中提到的同类的单数或复数可数名词.

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9. 句子： #

They are suitable for any mode of transport and will be more widely used.句中:

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9.1 be suitable for 解释"适于,适用于,适合于".

9.2 widely 这个词一共才两个解释:

① 广泛地: 例子见课文.