2011年大学英语六级定语从句语法精要

2011年大学英语六级定语从句语法精要 #

定语从句

限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.

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The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.

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The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.

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如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:

Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.

Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night. #

All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates. #

在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.

My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.

All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl. #

定语从句的引导词 #

that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom. #

Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for. #

He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.

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The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.

There are some people here who I want you to meet.

但在介词后只能用whom: #

This is the man to whom I referred.

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但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.

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Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?

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Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.

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The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.

限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时): #

Have you everything you need? #

(Is there) anything I can do for you? #

All you have to do is to press the button.

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在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些: #

The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.

The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.

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This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.

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This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about. #

定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which:

They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. #

The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted

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When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.

She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. #

whose: 在表示“...的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是名词词组 + of which:

Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?

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We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (…the purpose of which was…) #

He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…) #

of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前. #

The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.

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It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.

关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.

The day when he was born…

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on which he was born… #

which he was born on…

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The office where he works…

at which he works… #

which he works at…

有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.

Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.

This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. #

Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?

This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

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That is the reason (why) he did it. #

在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略. #

This is the way (that/in which) he did it.

That’s the way I look at it.

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如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:

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I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people. #

This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.

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定语从句的简化: 定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构, -ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.

He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).

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The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left. #

The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.

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All the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm. #